Introduction: Refugees are at increased risk for trauma-related mental health disorders, including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The underlying biological mechanisms linking trauma to mental disorders need additional study, and the possible pathophysiological role of the immune system is attracting increasing interest. In this study, we investigated whether two well-known pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL-8) and IL-6) are associated with mental health symptoms in Middle Eastern refugees displaced to the United States.
Methods: Refugees (n=64, mean age=37.6 years) ages ranged from 21 to 74 years (mean=37.62, SD=11.84) were interviewed one month after arrival in Michigan, United States, using a validated survey in Arabic. Questions covered pre-displacement trauma, current anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms. Blood, collected immediately following the interview, was analyzed for the levels of interleukins. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine the association between mental health symptoms and IL-6 and IL-8.
Results: In multivariate modeling, older age (β=0.37; p<0.01) and anxiety (β=0.31; p<0.05) were positively associated with IL-8. Age (β=0.28; p<0.05) and pre-displacement trauma (β=0.40; p<0.05) were positively associated with IL-6. Depression (β=-0.38) was negatively associated with IL-6.
Conclusion/relevance: This study of inflammatory biomarkers suggests the possibility of differential associations between mental health symptoms (anxiety and depression) and pro-inflammatory markers (IL-6 and IL-8). To enhance our ability to prevent and more effectively treat trauma-exposed refugees, we need to better understand the neuroinflammatory mechanisms contributing to mental disorders.
Keywords: anxiety; biomarkers; depression; refugees; war.
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