Peripartum depression and its predictors: A longitudinal observational hospital-based study

Sherifa Ahmed Hamed; Mohamed Elwasify; Mohamed Abdelhafez; Mohamed Fawzy

doi:10.5498/wjp.v12.i8.1061

Peripartum depression and its predictors: A longitudinal observational hospital-based study

World J Psychiatry. 2022 Aug 19;12(8):1061-1075. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i8.1061.

Authors

Sherifa Ahmed Hamed¹, Mohamed Elwasify², Mohamed Abdelhafez³, Mohamed Fawzy⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut 71516, Egypt. hamedsherifa@aun.edu.eg.
² Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University, Mansoura 11001, Egypt.
³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mansoura University, Mansoura 11001, Egypt.
⁴ Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut 71516, Egypt.

Abstract

Background: Depression is a common problem in women in childbearing years due to burdens of motherhood and building a family. Few studies estimate the prevalence of antepartum depression compared to those in the postpartum period.

Aim: To estimate the prevalence and the severities of peripartum depression and major depressive disorder and their predictors.

Methods: This is a longitudinal observation study. It included 200 women scoring ≥ 13 with the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, indicating presence of symptoms of depression. They had a gestational age of ≥ 6 wk and did follow-ups until the 10^th week to 12^th weeks postpartum. Information of women's reactions to life circumstances and stressors during the current pregnancy were gathered from answers to questions of the designed unstructured clinical questionnaire. Severities of depression, anxiety, and parenting stress were determined by the Beck Depre-ssion Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults, and Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, respectively. Psychiatric interviewing was done to confirm the diagnosis of major depression. Measuring the levels of triiodothronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was done in both antepartum and postpartum periods.

Results: Out of 968 (mean age = 27.35 ± 6.42 years), 20.66% (n = 200) of the patients had clinically significant symptoms of depression and 7.44% had major depression. Previous premenstrual dysphoria, post-abortive depression, and depression unrelated to pregnancy and were reported in 43%, 8%, and 4.5% of the patients, respectively. Psychosocial stressors were reported in 15.5% of the patients. Antepartum anxiety and parenting stress were reported in 90.5% and 65% of the patients, respectively. Postpartum T3, T4, and TSH levels did not significantly differ from reference values. Regression analysis showed that anxiety trait was a predictor for antepartum (standardized regression coefficients = 0.514, t = 8.507, P = 0.001) and postpartum (standardized regression coefficients = 0.573, t = 0.040, P = 0.041) depression. Antepartum depression (standardized regression coefficients = -0.086, t = -2.750, P = 0.007), and parenting stress (standardized regression coefficients = 0.080, t = 14.34, P = 0.0001) were also predictors for postpartum depression.

Conclusion: Results showed that 20.66% of the patients had clinically significant symptoms of depression and 7.44% had major depression. Anxiety was a predictor for antepartum and postpartum depression. Antepartum depression and parenting stress were also predictors for postpartum depression.

Keywords: Antepartum depression; Anxiety; Edinburgh postpartum depression scale; Parenting stress; Peripartum depression; Postpartum depression.