Detection of Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress by Cotinine in Smokers: Measured Through Interleukin-6 and Superoxide Dismutase

Kumboyono Kumboyono; Indah Nur Chomsy; Ardhi Khoirul Hakim; Hidayat Sujuti; Tita Hariyanti; Arie Srihardyastutie; Titin Andri Wihastuti

doi:10.2147/IJGM.S367125

Detection of Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress by Cotinine in Smokers: Measured Through Interleukin-6 and Superoxide Dismutase

Int J Gen Med. 2022 Sep 16:15:7319-7328. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S367125. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Kumboyono Kumboyono¹, Indah Nur Chomsy², Ardhi Khoirul Hakim³, Hidayat Sujuti^{4

5}, Tita Hariyanti^{5

6}, Arie Srihardyastutie⁷, Titin Andri Wihastuti⁸

Affiliations

¹ Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.
² Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.
³ Master Program of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.
⁴ Department of Biomolecular-Ophtalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.
⁵ Saifur Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia.
⁶ Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.
⁷ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.
⁸ Basic Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.

Abstract

Purpose: Smoking is a significant risk factor in developing cardiovascular disease pathogenesis through oxidative stress and inflammation mechanisms. This study used cotinine as a biomarker of nicotine exposure levels in the body, which was associated with levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) as markers of oxidative stress and vascular inflammation. The research aimed to analyze the effect of cotinine levels on the expression of IL-6 and SOD.

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design on 200 subjects, consisting 100 smokers and 100 non-smokers. Cotinine levels, IL-6 expression, and SOD were measured from the blood serum of each subject using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Then the data were analyzed using Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA).

Results: There was a significant effect of cotinine levels on the reduction of SOD mediated by IL-6 (CR = 4.006). Cotinine levels also increased IL-6 mediated by SOD (CR = 4.292). The structural model shows that higher cotinine levels will increase IL-6 expression, and conversely, SOD expression will decrease.

Conclusion: High cotinine levels cause an increase in the inflammatory process and oxidative stress in the vasculature of smokers, which is characterized by high IL-6 expression and low SOD expression.

Keywords: IL-6; SOD; cardiovascular disease; cotinine; oxidative stress; smoking.