High-throughput sequencing has made it possible to extensively study the human gut microbiota. The links between the human gut microbiome and ethnicity, religion, and race remain rather poorly understood. In this review, data on the relationship between gut microbiota composition and the nationality of people and their religion were generalized. The unique gut microbiome of a healthy European (including Slavic nationality) is characterized by the dominance of the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. Among the African population, the typical members of the microbiota are Bacteroides and Prevotella. The gut microbiome of Asians is very diverse and rich in members of the genera Prevotella, Bacteroides Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Subdoligranulum, Coprococcus, Collinsella, Megasphaera, Bifidobacterium, and Phascolarctobacterium. Among Buddhists and Muslims, the Prevotella enterotype is characteristic of the gut microbiome, while other representatives of religions, including Christians, have the Bacteroides enterotype. Most likely, the gut microbiota of people of different nationalities and religions are influenced by food preferences. The review also considers the influences of pathologies such as obesity, Crohn's disease, cancer, diabetes, etc., on the bacterial composition of the guts of people of different nationalities.
Keywords: diseases; gut; microbiota; nationalities; religion.