The Bainbridge effect: stretching our understanding of cardiac pacemaking for more than a century

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
• ² School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
• ³ Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg • Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
• ⁴ Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.