Stages of brain volume loss and performance in the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract

Background: Cognitive dysfunction occurs in a substantial proportion of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), negatively affects their daily activities, and is associated with poor prognosis. Cognitive dysfunction in MS can extend across multiple cognitive domains, depending on the patterns and extent of the brain regions affected. Therefore, a combination of tests, including the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS), that assess different aspects of cognition is recommended to capture the full picture of cognitive impairment in each patient. However, the temporal relationships between the progression of the MS brain pathology and the performances in different cognitive tests remain unclear.

Methods: Global and regional brain volume data were obtained based on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging from 61 patients with MS, and hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using these brain volume data. Cognitive function was assessed using the three subcomponents of the BICAMS: the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), California Verbal Learning Test Second Edition (CVLT2), and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMTR). Clinical characteristics, patterns of regional brain volume loss, and cognitive test scores were compared among clusters.

Results: Cluster analysis of the global and regional brain volume data classified patients into three clusters (Clusters 1, 2, and 3) in order of decreasing global brain volume. A comparison of the clinical profiles of the patients suggested that those in Clusters 1, 2, and 3 are in the early, intermediate, and advanced stages of MS, respectively. Pair-wise analysis of regional brain volume among the three clusters suggested brain regions where volume loss starts early and continues throughout the disease course, occurs preferentially at the early phase, or evolves relatively slowly. SDMT scores differed significantly among the three clusters, with a decrease from Clusters 1 to 3. BVMTR scores also declined in this order, whereas the CVLT2 was significantly impaired only in Cluster 3.

Conclusion: Our results suggest that SDMT performance declines in conjunction with brain volume loss throughout the disease course of MS. Performance in the BVMTR also declines in line with the brain volume loss, but impairment in the CVLT2 becomes particularly apparent at the late phase of MS.

Keywords: Brain volume; Cluster analysis; Cognitive dysfunction; Magnetic resonance imaging; Multiple sclerosis.