Imaging of Microcephaly

Chukwudi Okafor; Sangam Kanekar

doi:10.1016/j.clp.2022.04.004

Imaging of Microcephaly

Clin Perinatol. 2022 Sep;49(3):693-713. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2022.04.004.

Authors

Chukwudi Okafor¹, Sangam Kanekar²

Affiliations

¹ Radiology Research, Division of Neuroradiology, Penn State Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Mail Code H066 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
² Radiology Research, Division of Neuroradiology, Penn State Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Mail Code H066 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. Electronic address: skanekar@pennstatehealth.psu.edu.

PMID: 36113930
DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2022.04.004

Abstract

One of the most common definitions of microcephaly cited is that of an occipitofrontal circumference (OFC) of the head that is less than two standard deviations below the average for age (or gestational age, if identified prenatally) and sex. Similarly, severe microcephaly is defined as an OFC that is less than three standard deviations below the average. Microcephaly is not a diagnosis, but rather, a finding that is secondary to a multitude of etiologies that can be categorized as prenatal versus postnatal, genetic versus environmental, and congenital versus acquired.

Keywords: Congenital cytomegalovirus; Microcephaly; Microcephaly primary hereditary (MCPH); Microcephaly with simplified gyral pattern (MSGP); Microlissensephaly; Zika virus infection.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Female
Gestational Age
Humans
Microcephaly* / diagnostic imaging
Pregnancy
Ultrasonography, Prenatal / methods