A deep learning-based diagnostic tool for identifying various diseases via facial images

Abstract

With the current health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, patients have become more anxious about infection, so they prefer not to have direct contact with doctors or clinicians. Lately, medical scientists have confirmed that several diseases exhibit corresponding specific features on the face the face. Recent studies have indicated that computer-aided facial diagnosis can be a promising tool for the automatic diagnosis and screening of diseases from facial images. However, few of these studies used deep learning (DL) techniques. Most of them focused on detecting a single disease, using handcrafted feature extraction methods and conventional machine learning techniques based on individual classifiers trained on small and private datasets using images taken from a controlled environment. This study proposes a novel computer-aided facial diagnosis system called FaceDisNet that uses a new public dataset based on images taken from an unconstrained environment and could be employed for forthcoming comparisons. It detects single and multiple diseases. FaceDisNet is constructed by integrating several spatial deep features from convolutional neural networks of various architectures. It does not depend only on spatial features but also extracts spatial-spectral features. FaceDisNet searches for the fused spatial-spectral feature set that has the greatest impact on the classification. It employs two feature selection techniques to reduce the large dimension of features resulting from feature fusion. Finally, it builds an ensemble classifier based on stacking to perform classification. The performance of FaceDisNet verifies its ability to diagnose single and multiple diseases. FaceDisNet achieved a maximum accuracy of 98.57% and 98% after the ensemble classification and feature selection steps for binary and multiclass classification categories. These results prove that FaceDisNet is a reliable tool and could be employed to avoid the difficulties and complications of manual diagnosis. Also, it can help physicians achieve accurate diagnoses without the need for physical contact with the patients.

Keywords: Computer-aided facial diagnosis; deep learning; discrete cosine transform; ensemble classification; feature selection; stacking; transfer learning.