Ecstasy metabolites and monoamine neurotransmitters upshift the Na+/K+ ATPase activity in mouse brain synaptosomes

Abstract

3,4-Methylenedioximethamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") is a psychotropic drug with well-known neurotoxic effects mediated by hitherto not fully understood mechanisms. The Na⁺- and K⁺-activated adenosine 5'-triphosphatase (Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase), by maintaining the ion gradient across the cell membrane, regulates neuronal excitability. Thus, a perturbation of its function strongly impacts cell homeostasis, ultimately leading to neuronal dysfunction and death. Nevertheless, whether MDMA affects the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase remains unknown. In this study, we used synaptosomes obtained from whole mouse brain to test the effects of MDMA, three of its major metabolites [α-methyldopamine, N-methyl-α-methyldopamine and 5-(glutathion-S-yl)-α-methyldopamine], serotonin (5-HT), dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-Dopa) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) on the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase function. A concentration-dependent increase of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity was observed in synaptosomes exposed to the tested compounds (concentrations ranging from 0.0625 to 200 µM). These effects were independent of protein kinases A and C activities. Nevertheless, a rescue of the compounds' effects was observed in synaptosomes pre-incubated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (1 mM), suggesting a role for reactive species-regulated pathways on the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase effects. In agreement with this hypothesis, a similar increase in the pump activity was found in synaptosomes exposed to the chemical generator of superoxide radicals, phenazine methosulfate (1-250 µM). This study demonstrates the ability of MDMA metabolites, monoamine neurotransmitters, L-Dopa and DOPAC to alter the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase function. This could represent a yet unknown mechanism of action of MDMA and its metabolites in the brain.

Keywords: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “ecstasy”); MDMA brain effects; MDMA metabolites; Monoamine neurotransmitters; Na+/K+ ATPase; Synaptosomes.