Insights into the Reaction Mechanisms of Nongraphitic High-Surface Porous Carbons for Application in Na- and Mg-Ion Batteries

Saúl Rubio; Rafaela Ruiz; Wenhua Zuo; Yixiao Li; Ziteng Liang; Daniel Cosano; Jun Gao; Yong Yang; Gregorio F Ortiz

doi:10.1021/acsami.2c09237

Insights into the Reaction Mechanisms of Nongraphitic High-Surface Porous Carbons for Application in Na- and Mg-Ion Batteries

ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2022 Sep 28;14(38):43127-43140. doi: 10.1021/acsami.2c09237. Epub 2022 Sep 13.

Authors

Saúl Rubio¹, Rafaela Ruiz¹, Wenhua Zuo², Yixiao Li³, Ziteng Liang³, Daniel Cosano⁴, Jun Gao³, Yong Yang³, Gregorio F Ortiz¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University Research Institute in Nanochemistry (IUNAN), University of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Marie Curie Building, Córdoba E-14071, Spain.
² Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany.
³ State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
⁴ Department of Organic Chemistry, University Research Institute in Nanochemistry (IUNAN), University of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Marie Curie Building, Córdoba E-14071, Spain.

PMID: 36099581
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09237

Abstract

The fabrication of low-cost carbon materials and high-performance sodium- and magnesium-ion batteries comprising hierarchical porous electrodes and superior electrolytes is necessary for complementing Li-ion energy storage. In this work, nongraphitic high-surface porous carbons (NGHSPCs) exhibited an unprecedented formation of n-stages (stage-1 and stage-2) due to the co-intercalation of sodium (Na(dgm)₂C₂₀) with diglyme. X-ray diffraction patterns, Patterson diagram, Raman spectra, and IR spectra suggested the presence of n-stages. This phenomenon implies an increase of the initial capacity (∼200 mAh g^-1) and good Na-ion diffusion (2.97 × 10^-13 cm² s^-1), employing diglyme as compared to standard electrolytes containing propylene carbonate and fluoroethylene carbonate. Additionally, the current approach is scalable to full Na- and Mg-ion cells by using t-Na₅V(PO₄)₂F₂ and MgMnSiO₄ cathodes, respectively, reaching 250 and 110 W h kg^-1 based on the anode mass. The simultaneous Mg (de)insertion from/into MgMnSiO₄ and the adsorption/desorption of bistriflimide ions on the NGHSPC surface is responsible for capacity enhancement.

Keywords: bistriflimide; co-intercalaction; diglyme; high surface area; magnesium; porous carbon; sodium.