The adhesions between Gram-positive bacteria and their hosts are exposed to varying magnitudes of tensile forces. Here, using an ultrastable magnetic tweezer-based single-molecule approach, we show the catch-bond kinetics of the prototypical adhesion complex of SD-repeat protein G (SdrG) to a peptide from fibrinogen β (Fgβ) over a physiologically important force range from piconewton (pN) to tens of pN, which was not technologically accessible to previous studies. At 37 °C, the lifetime of the complex exponentially increases from seconds at several pN to ∼1000 s as the force reaches 30 pN, leading to mechanical stabilization of the adhesion. The dissociation transition pathway is determined as the unbinding of a critical β-strand peptide ("latch" strand of SdrG that secures the entire adhesion complex) away from its binding cleft, leading to the dissociation of the Fgβ ligand. Similar mechanical stabilization behavior is also observed in several homologous adhesions, suggesting the generality of catch-bond kinetics in such bacterial adhesions. We reason that such mechanical stabilization confers multiple advantages in the pathogenesis and adaptation of bacteria.