Hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory responses to submaximal and maximal exercise in adults with Down syndrome

Guillermo R Oviedo; María Carbó-Carreté; Myriam Guerra-Balic; Nauris Tamulevicius; Laura Esquius; Joan Guàrdia-Olmos; Casimiro Javierre

doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.905795

Hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory responses to submaximal and maximal exercise in adults with Down syndrome

Front Physiol. 2022 Aug 19:13:905795. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.905795. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Guillermo R Oviedo^{1

2}, María Carbó-Carreté^{3

4}, Myriam Guerra-Balic¹, Nauris Tamulevicius⁵, Laura Esquius⁶, Joan Guàrdia-Olmos^{4

7

8}, Casimiro Javierre⁹

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
² School of Health Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
³ Serra Hunter Fellow, Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴ Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁵ Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, College of Natural and Health Sciences, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, United States.
⁶ Foodlab Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷ Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁸ Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain.
⁹ Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Abstract

Introduction: The genetic disorder causing Down syndrome (DS) affects the cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic parameters. When exercising, sufficient blood flow is necessary for active muscles. Cardiac output (Q) must be proportional to the peripheral requirements. In case the stroke volume (SV) is lower, the heart rate (HR) will increase further in order to maintain an adequate blood flow in the active territories (HR compensatory response). People with DS have a lower HR response to maximal exercise. Nevertheless, the response of the hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory parameters during the submaximal phases of maximal exercise was not well studied. Objective: to evaluate cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic parameters 1) during submaximal and 2) maximal metabolic treadmill test in individuals with and without DS. Methods: fifteen adults with DS (age = 27.33 ± 4.98 years old; n = 12 males/3 females) and 15 adults without disabilities, matched by age and sex, participated in this cross-sectional study. Peak and submaximal cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic parameters were measured during a treadmill test. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyse interactions between the variables. Post-hoc analyses were employed to assess within and between-group differences. Results: The DS group showed lower peak values for ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), tidal volume (V_T), ventilatory equivalent for O₂ (VEqO₂), end-tidal partial pressure for O₂ (P_ETO₂), O₂ uptake (VO₂) and CO₂ production (all p < 0 .050), Q, SV, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and HR (all p < 0 .050). There were group-by-time interactions (all p < 0 .050) for all ventilatory submaximal values. Significant group and time differences were observed for VE; RER; respiratory rate (RR); VEqO₂; P_ETO₂; VO_2, and V_T (all p < 0 .050). There were also group-by-time interactions (all p < 0 .050) and group and time differences for SBP, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and HR (all p < 0.010). Conclusion: During submaximal exercise, we verified a compensatory response of HR, and greater VE and VO₂ in the individuals with DS. In addition, we were able to observe that the DS group had a reduced SBP and MAP response to submaximal exercise. On the other hand, we found that adults with DS have lower peak hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory values, and a lower cardiac reserve. Further research is warranted to investigate the effects of these results on the general health of adults with DS and the impact of long-term exercise programs on these parameters.

Keywords: blood preasure; cardiorespirarory fitness; down syndrome; exercice; hemodymamics.