Context: The timing of puberty, physical features of pubertal development, and hormones are closely intertwined but may also individually contribute to the risk for depression and depression severity. Additionally, their effects on mood may depend on depression severity, but previously this has only been studied in mostly subclinical depression.
Methods: In 184 girls from a single psychiatric hospital with significant depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II score > 13), the relationship between depression severity and age at menarche (AAM), pubertal status, and gonadal/adrenal hormones (estradiol, progesterone, DHEA-S, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone) was investigated. Moreover, AAM in depressed girls was compared to that from a representative sample of German adolescents without a psychiatric disorder (N = 1674). Androgen levels were compared to those of age- and sex-matched controls (N = 59).
Results: AAM but not pubertal stage or biochemical parameters related to depression. Girls with AAM at the lower normative range of pubertal development were 61 % more likely to develop depression and scored 4.9 points higher on the depression scale than girls experiencing menarche at the population average. Androstenedione levels were increased in the psychiatric sample, but neither androgen nor gonadal hormone levels were associated with depression severity.
Limitations: The study is cross-sectional.
Conclusions: These observations confirm previous studies in mostly subclinical depression and highlight the importance of AAM for adolescent depression. Thus, AAM could be considered a prognostic factor for a clinical risk score assessing the probability of adolescent depression. Moreover, these findings suggest fostering efforts that address risk factors that contribute to an earlier AAM.
Keywords: Adolescence; Age at menarche; Depression; Estradiol; Puberty; Testosterone.
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