An eye on the Shih Tzu dog: Ophthalmic examination findings and ocular surface diagnostics

Abstract

Objective: To characterize the ocular surface parameters and determine the prevalence of ocular pathology in Shih Tzu dogs.

Animal studied: Fifty Shih Tzu dogs (28 male, 22 female).

Procedures: Each dog underwent a complete ophthalmic examination (recording any pathology) and a series of diagnostics, allowing for a 10 min-interval between tests: intraocular pressure (IOP), blink rate, palpebral fissure length (PFL), corneal tactile sensation (CTS), Schirmer tear test and nasolacrimal reflex without (STT-1, NL-STT1) and with topical anesthesia (STT-2, NL-STT2), tear ferning, strip meniscometry test (SMT), tear film breakup time (TFBUT), and punctate fluorescein staining (PFS) of the cornea.

Results: Mean ± SD test values were as follows: IOP (17.9 ± 3.7 mmHg), blink rate (2.4 ± 1.4 blinks/min), PFL (23.8 ± 1.8 mm), CTS (1.8 ± 0.7 cm), STT-1 (22.0 ± 5.5 mm/min), NL-STT1 (24.2 ± 4.7 mm/min), STT-2 (16.9 ± 6.5 mm/min), NL-STT2 (18.5 ± 7.5 mm/min), SMT (7.5 ± 3.5 mm/5 s), TFBUT (5.3 ± 2.4 s), tear ferning (1.3 ± 0.7), and PFS (1.6 ± 0.6). PFL was significantly greater in male vs. female Shih Tzus (p< .001). Age was negatively correlated with TFBUT results (r = -0.31, p = .027). Lagophthalmos was observed in 82% eyes. Ocular surface pathology was common, including adnexal abnormalities (100% eyes with caruncular trichiasis and medial lower lid entropion) and corneal opacification (27% pigmentation, 20% fibrosis, 12% neovascularization).

Conclusions: Qualitative tear film deficiency (low TFBUT), along with several anatomical abnormalities that promote ocular irritation and reduce globe protection, together help explain the concerningly high prevalence of ocular surface disease in the Shih Tzu breed. Prophylactic measures (e.g., medial canthoplasty, topical lubrication) could be considered to improve ocular health in Shih Tzus.

Keywords: brachycephalic ocular syndrome; dry eye; lacrimation kinetics; nasolacrimal reflex; qualitative tear deficiency; tear production.