Older adults utilize less efficient postural adaptations when they are uncertain about the magnitude of a perturbation

Abstract

People frequently experience perturbations while standing or walking in crowded areas or when interacting with external objects. Balance maintenance in response to a perturbation is affected by the predictability of the magnitude of a body disturbance. The aim of this quasi-experimental study was to investigate the role of aging in maintenance of standing balance in response to perturbations of varying magnitudes. Twelve older adults and twelve young adults received a series of frontal perturbations of small or large magnitudes induced to their upper body by a pendulum impact while standing. The perturbation sequence included 10 trials of small, 15 trials of large, and 10 more trials of small magnitudes. The participants were exposed to either repetitive perturbations of known (predictable) magnitude or perturbations of unknown (unpredictable) magnitude as they were not told which of the perturbation magnitude (small, large) to expect. Electromyographic activity of six leg and trunk muscles and displacements of the center of pressure were recorded and analyzed during anticipatory (APAs) and compensatory (CPAs) phases of postural control. When exposed to both, repetitive perturbations of known magnitude and perturbations of unpredictable magnitude, older adults, compared to young adults, demonstrated delayed and smaller anticipatory and compensatory postural adaptations. Older adults also required more trials to modify postural adjustments, as compared to young adults. The findings imply that the ability to predict magnitudes of frontal perturbations is declined in older adults.

Keywords: Aging; Magnitude; Perturbation; Postural adjustments; Predictability.