The pattern of dyslipidaemia and factors associated with elevated levels of non-HDL-cholesterol among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Ho municipality: A cross sectional study

Sylvester Yao Lokpo; Roger Laryea; James Osei-Yeboah; William K B A Owiredu; Richard K D Ephraim; Esther Ngozi Adejumo; Samuel Ametepe; Michael Appiah; Nogo Peter; Patrick Affrim; Precious Kwablah Kwadzokpui; Ohene Kweku Abeka

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10279

The pattern of dyslipidaemia and factors associated with elevated levels of non-HDL-cholesterol among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Ho municipality: A cross sectional study

Heliyon. 2022 Aug 17;8(8):e10279. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10279. eCollection 2022 Aug.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
² School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
³ Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
⁴ Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Cape-Coast, Cape-Coast, Ghana.
⁵ Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Public and Allied Health, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
⁶ Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences, Koforidua Technical University, Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana.
⁷ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Accra Technical University, Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana.
⁸ Laboratory Department, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana.
⁹ School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.

Abstract

Background: Dyslipidaemia is a key comorbid condition of type 2 diabetes mellitus that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study describes the pattern of dyslipidaemia and factors associated with elevated levels of non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ho.

Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study enrolled 210 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from Ho municipality. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain demographic and other relevant parameters. Anthropometric, haemodynamic, and biochemical variables were obtained using standard methods. Dyslipidaemia was defined according to the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) criteria while elevated levels of non-HDL-C was defined as non-HDL-C level ≥3.37 mmol/L. A Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with elevated non-HDL-C levels.

Results: Overall, dyslipidaemia and elevated levels of non-HDL-C prevalence was 67.1% and 64.3%, respectively. The frequency of atherogenic, isolated, and mixed dyslipidaemias were 10.5%, 58.09% and 53.33 %, respectively. Females were four times more likely to develop elevated levels of non-HDL-C after adjustment for age (AOR: 4.07; CI: 2.20-7.51; p < 0.0001). Likewise, overweight (AOR: 3.1; CI: 1.45-6.61; p = 0.0035), grade 1 obesity (AOR: 2.8; CI: 1.20-6.49; p = 0.0168), and truncal obesity (AOR: 3.09; CI: 1.54-6.19; p < 0.0001) were three times each more likely to develop elevated levels of non HDL-C after adjustment for age and gender. However, alcohol intake was 66% unlikely to develop elevated levels of non-HDL-C (COR: 0.34; CI: 0.16-0.73; p = 0.006).

Conclusion: Dyslipidaemia and elevated levels of non-HDL-C were common in our study participants. Hypercholesterolaemia and co-occurrence of high TG and high LDL-C levels were the most prevalent isolated and mixed dyslipidaemias, respectively. The female gender, overweight, grade 1 obesity and truncal obesity, as well as alcohol intake were significant predictors of elevated levels of non-HDL-C.

Keywords: Atherogenic dyslipidaemia; Dyslipidaemia; Elevated non-HDL-C; Ghana; Isolated dyslipidaemia; Mixed dyslipiademia; Pattern of dyslipidaemia; Prevalence.