Ultrafast laser inscribed waveguides in tailored fluoride glasses: an enabling technology for mid-infrared integrated photonics devices

Toney T Fernandez; B Johnston; S Gross; S Cozic; M Poulain; H Mahmodi; I Kabakova; M Withford; A Fuerbach

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18701-y

Ultrafast laser inscribed waveguides in tailored fluoride glasses: an enabling technology for mid-infrared integrated photonics devices

Sci Rep. 2022 Aug 29;12(1):14674. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18701-y.

Authors

Toney T Fernandez¹, B Johnston², S Gross², S Cozic³, M Poulain³, H Mahmodi⁴, I Kabakova⁴, M Withford², A Fuerbach²

Affiliations

¹ MQ Photonics Research Centre, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia. toney.teddyfernandez@mq.edu.au.
² MQ Photonics Research Centre, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
³ Le Verre Fluoré, 1 Rue Gabriel Voisin - Campus KerLann, 35170, Bruz, Brittany, France.
⁴ School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.

Abstract

Zirconium fluoride (ZBLAN) glass, the standard material used in fiber-based mid-infrared photonics, has been re-designed to enable the fabrication of high index-contrast low-loss waveguides via femtosecond laser direct writing. We demonstrate that in contrast to pure ZBLAN, a positive index change of close to 10^-2 can be induced in hybrid zirconium/hafnium (Z/HBLAN) glasses during ultrafast laser inscription and show that this can be explained by an electron cloud distortion effect that is driven by the existence of two glass formers with contrasting polarizability. High numerical aperture (NA) type-I waveguides that support a well confined 3.1 μm wavelength mode with a mode-field diameter (MFD) as small as 12 μm have successfully been fabricated. These findings open the door for the fabrication of mid-infrared integrated photonic devices that can readily be pigtailed to existing ZBLAN fibers.