Disruption of CD73-Derived and Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1-Mediated Adenosine Signaling Exacerbates Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy

Abstract

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is characterized by pathologic angiogenesis in retina, and remains a leading cause of blindness in children. Although enhanced extracellular adenosine is markedly increased in response to retinal hypoxia, adenosine acting at the A₁ and A_2A receptors has the opposite effect on pathologic angiogenesis. Herein, the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model of ROP was used to demonstrate that pharmacologic and genetic inactivation of CD73 (the key 5'-ectonucleotidase for extracellular generation of adenosine) did not affect normal retinal vasculature development but exacerbated intravitreal neovascularization at postnatal day (P) 17 and delayed revascularization at P21 of OIR. This exacerbated damage to retinal vessels by CD73 inactivation was associated with increased cellular apoptosis and microglial activation but decreased astrocyte function at P17 of OIR. Furthermore, pharmacologic blockade of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1/2 (ENT1/2; bidirectional transport for controlling the balance of intracellular and extracellular adenosine) by 6-nitrobenzylthioinosine aggravated pathologic angiogenesis at P17 of OIR. Pharmacologic blockade of ENT1/2 and genetic inactivation of CD73 also aggravated avascular areas at the hyperoxia phase (P12) of OIR. Thus, disruption of CD73-derived extracellular adenosine or ENT1/2-mediated transport of adenosine flux across membrane aggravated the damage to retinal vessels. These findings support the role of adenosine as an endogenous protective regulator that limits oxygen-induced retinopathy. Thus, enhancing extracellular adenosine signaling represents a novel neuroprotection strategy for ROP by targeting CD73 and ENT1/2 activities.