Evaluation of a Community-Led Program for Primordial and Primary Prevention of Rheumatic Fever in Remote Northern Australia

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 17;19(16):10215. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191610215.

Abstract

Environmental factors including household crowding and inadequate washing facilities underpin recurrent streptococcal infections in childhood that cause acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and subsequent rheumatic heart disease (RHD). No community-based 'primordial'-level interventions to reduce streptococcal infection and ARF rates have been reported from Australia previously. We conducted a study at three Australian Aboriginal communities aiming to reduce infections including skin sores and sore throats, usually caused by Group A Streptococci, and ARF. Data were collected for primary care diagnoses consistent with likely or potential streptococcal infection, relating to ARF or RHD or related to environmental living conditions. Rates of these diagnoses during a one-year Baseline Phase were compared with a three-year Activity Phase. Participants were children or adults receiving penicillin prophylaxis for ARF. Aboriginal community members were trained and employed to share knowledge about ARF prevention, support reporting and repairs of faulty health-hardware including showers and provide healthcare navigation for families focusing on skin sores, sore throat and ARF. We hypothesized that infection-related diagnoses would increase through greater recognition, then decrease. We enrolled 29 participants and their families. Overall infection-related diagnosis rates increased from Baseline (mean rate per-person-year 1.69 [95% CI 1.10-2.28]) to Year One (2.12 [95% CI 1.17-3.07]) then decreased (Year Three: 0.72 [95% CI 0.29-1.15]) but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.064). Annual numbers of first-known ARF decreased, but numbers were small: there were six cases of first-known ARF during Baseline, then five, 1, 0 over the next three years respectively. There was a relationship between household occupancy and numbers (p = 0.018), but not rates (p = 0.447) of infections. This first Australian ARF primordial prevention study provides a feasible model with encouraging findings.

Keywords: Aboriginal; environmental health; primordial; rheumatic fever; rheumatic heart disease; streptococcus.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Australia / epidemiology
  • Child
  • Crowding
  • Family Characteristics
  • Humans
  • Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
  • Pharyngitis*
  • Primary Prevention
  • Rheumatic Fever* / epidemiology
  • Rheumatic Fever* / prevention & control
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease* / epidemiology
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease* / prevention & control
  • Streptococcal Infections* / complications

Grants and funding

This research was funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) grant number 1080401 (‘Developing an Endgame for Rheumatic Heart Disease in Australia: The END RHD Centre of Research Excellence’), Bupa Foundation, a National Heart Foundation of Australia Vanguard Grant (101829), a NHMRC fellowship to Anna Ralph (1142011) and a NHMRC Postgraduate Scholarship to Rosemary Wyber (1151165). The funding sources had no role in study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the paper for publication.