Temporal Trends in the South African Diagnostic Radiology Workforce (2002-2019)

Nokulunga Mkhize; Ritika Tiwari; Usuf Chikte; Richard Pitcher

doi:10.7759/cureus.27148

Temporal Trends in the South African Diagnostic Radiology Workforce (2002-2019)

Cureus. 2022 Jul 22;14(7):e27148. doi: 10.7759/cureus.27148. eCollection 2022 Jul.

Authors

Nokulunga Mkhize^{1

2}, Ritika Tiwari³, Usuf Chikte³, Richard Pitcher^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Division of Radiodiagnosis, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, ZAF.
² Department of Radiology, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, ZAF.
³ Division of Public Health and Health Systems, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, ZAF.

Abstract

Background To facilitate imaging resource planning and address key health targets of the United Nations (UN) 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, accurate data are required on imaging personnel at the country level. Such data are currently limited. Objectives This study aims to analyze trends in the number, geographical distribution, and demographics of South African (SA) diagnostic imaging personnel between 2002 and 2019. Method A retrospective analysis of the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) database of imaging personnel from 2002 to 2019 was done. The total number of personnel and personnel per million people were calculated for the country and for each professional group (radiologist, diagnostic radiographer, and sonographer) by calendar year, province, and demographic profile. Population data were provided by Statistics SA. Results The total imaging personnel, number per million people, and national population increased by 283% (3,095 versus 8,753), 119% (68 versus 149/10⁶), and 29% (45.45 versus 58.77/10⁶), respectively. Diagnostic radiographers constituted more than 80% of the workforce throughout the review period, increasing by 185% (2,540 versus 7,242). Sonographers, the smallest cohort, recorded the highest (49 versus 503; 906%) and radiologists (506 versus 1,007; 99%) the lowest proportional growth. Although radiologists showed persistent male predominance, the male proportion decreased from 82% to 69%, while that of females increased from 18% to 31%. The average annual percentage increase in female radiologists (14%) was more than three times that of males (4%). Diagnostic radiographers showed female predominance, but the proportion decreased from 90% to 83%, while that of males increased from 10% to 17%. Sonographers showed overwhelming female predominance (94% versus 92%). The average annual percentage increase in male diagnostic radiographers (21%) was more than double that of females (9%). In 2002, 48% (n = 1,475) of imaging personnel identified as White, and 15% (n = 467) identified as Black African. By 2019, those identifying as White and Black African were 36% (n = 3,122) and 35% (n = 3,045), respectively. The Western Cape Province (WCP) maintained the highest overall number of imaging personnel per million people (165 versus 233/10⁶) and Limpopo the lowest (12 versus 54/10⁶). However, Limpopo recorded the highest proportional growth in imaging personnel/10⁶ people (368%) and the WCP the lowest (41%). The differential between the best- and least-resourced provinces thus decreased from 14:1 in 2002 to 4:1 in 2019. Conclusion In the review period, the SA imaging workforce has shown substantial expansion and transformation and has assumed a more equitable distribution.

Keywords: diagnostic imaging; health workforce policy; healthcare disparities; imaging modalities; low- to middle-income countries; radiology; temporal trends; universal healthcare.