Comparative efficiency of silica gel, biochar, and plant growth promoting bacteria on Cr and Pb availability to Solanum melongena L. in contaminated soil irrigated with wastewater

Umm E Rabiya; Muhammad Ali; Muhammad Ansar Farooq; Zafar Siddiq; Saud A Alamri; Manzer H Siddiqui; Waqas-Ud-Din Khan

doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.950362

Comparative efficiency of silica gel, biochar, and plant growth promoting bacteria on Cr and Pb availability to Solanum melongena L. in contaminated soil irrigated with wastewater

Front Plant Sci. 2022 Aug 4:13:950362. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.950362. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Umm E Rabiya¹, Muhammad Ali¹, Muhammad Ansar Farooq², Zafar Siddiq³, Saud A Alamri⁴, Manzer H Siddiqui⁴, Waqas-Ud-Din Khan⁵

Affiliations

¹ Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
² Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
³ Department of Botany, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
⁴ Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.

Abstract

Crop irrigation with untreated wastewater is a routine practice in developing countries that causes multiple human health consequences. A comparative study was performed to regulate total Cr and Pb stress in soil and Solanum melongena L. plant. For this purpose, 0.2% chitosan polymerized silica gel (CP-silica gel), 1.5% zinc-enriched biochar (ZnBc), and three bacterial species such as Trichococcus sp. (B1), Pseudomonas alcaligenes (B2), and Bacillus subtilis (B3) were selected. Initially, a biosorption trial was conducted to test the heavy metal removal efficiency of three bacterial species B1, B2, and B3 for 24 h. Hence, B3 showed maximum Cr and Pb removal efficiency among the studied bacterial isolates. Then, a pot study was conducted with 12 different treatments having three replicates. After harvesting, different growth and biochemical parameters such as chlorophyll concentration, proteins, phenolics, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidant enzymes were analyzed. The results demonstrated that wastewater application significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced the fresh and dry weights of the root, stem, and leaves due to high total Cr and Pb toxicity. However, CP-silica gel and ZnBc treatments performed best when applied in combination with B3. The concentration of leaf total Cr was significantly decreased (91 and 85%) with the application of ZnBc + B3 and CP-Silica gel + B3, respectively, as compared to control. There was a reduction in stem hydrogen peroxide (87%) and malondialdehyde (81%) recorded with CP-silica gel + B3 treatment due to enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. ascorbate peroxidase (6-folds) and catalase (7-folds) relative to control. Similarly, leaf total phenolics (3-folds) and protein (6-folds) contents were enhanced with CP silica gel+B3 application relative to control. Overall, CP-silica gel and ZnBc with B3 application proved to be the most appropriate treatments and can be used in developing countries to limit the deleterious effects of total Cr and Pb pollution.

Keywords: chitosan polymerized silica; defense mechanism of plant; metal translocation factor; microbial metal removal efficiency; principal component analysis.