Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) represents a different entity from its adult counterpart and therefore requires a different therapeutic approach. Adenotonsillectomy (AT) is the primary treatment of pediatric OSA, and evidence shows it is very effective. However, there is a growing understanding that residual OSA is common, and next steps for patients who fail primary AT are less certain. This article reviews current methods of evaluating and treating these complex patients.
Keywords: Adenotonsillectomy; Cine MRI; Drug-induced sleep endoscopy; Lingual tonsillectomy; Obstructive sleep apnea; Pharyngoplasty; Tongue base.
Published by Elsevier Inc.