Bioelectric Medicine: Electrotherapy and Transcutaneous Electromagnetic Stimulation-Clinical and Research Challenges

Affiliations

• ¹ Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC.
• ² Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
• ³ Neurosurgery, Surgical Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
• ⁴ Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Northridge, CA; SpineX, Inc.
• ⁵ Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.
• ⁶ Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.