Net water uptake, a neuroimaging marker of early brain edema, as a predictor of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after acute ischemic stroke

Tianqi Xu; Jianhong Yang; Qing Han; Yuefei Wu; Xiang Gao; Yao Xu; Yi Huang; Aiju Wang; Mark W Parsons; Longting Lin

doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.903263

Net water uptake, a neuroimaging marker of early brain edema, as a predictor of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after acute ischemic stroke

Front Neurol. 2022 Jul 27:13:903263. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.903263. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Tianqi Xu¹, Jianhong Yang¹, Qing Han¹, Yuefei Wu¹, Xiang Gao², Yao Xu¹, Yi Huang^{2

3}, Aiju Wang⁴, Mark W Parsons^{5

6}, Longting Lin^{1

5}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China.
² Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China.
³ Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China.
⁴ Department of Neurology, Ningbo Fourth Hospital, Ningbo, China.
⁵ Sydney Brain Center, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁶ Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Abstract

Objective: We hypothesized that quantitative net water uptake (NWU), a novel neuroimaging marker of early brain edema, can predict symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) after acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Methods: We enrolled patients with AIS who completed admission multimodal computed tomography (CT) within 24 h after stroke onset. NWU within the ischemic core and penumbra was calculated based on admission CT, namely NWU-core and NWU-penumbra. sICH was defined as the presence of ICH in the infarct area within 7 days after stroke onset, accompanied by clinical deterioration. The predictive value of NWU-core and NWU-penumbra on sICH was evaluated by logistic regression analyses and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A pure neuroimaging prediction model was built considering imaging markers, which has the potential to be automatically quantified with an artificial algorithm on image workstation.

Results: 154 patients were included, of which 93 underwent mechanical thrombectomy (MT). The median time from symptom onset to admission CT was 262 min (interquartile range, 198-368). In patients with MT, NWU-penumbra (OR =1.442; 95% CI = 1.177-1.766; P < 0.001) and NWU-core (OR = 1.155; 95% CI = 1.027-1.299; P = 0.016) were independently associated with sICH with adjustments for age, sex, time from symptom onset to CT, hypertension, lesion volume, and admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. ROC curve showed that NWU-penumbra had better predictive performance than NWU-core on sICH [area under the curve (AUC): 0.773 vs. 0.673]. The diagnostic efficiency of the predictive model was improved with the containing of NWU-penumbra (AUC: 0.853 vs. 0.760). A pure imaging model also presented stable predictive power (AUC = 0.812). In patients without MT, however, only admission NIHSS score (OR = 1.440; 95% CI = 1.055-1.965; P = 0.022) showed significance in predicting sICH in multivariate analyses.

Conclusions: NWU-penumbra may have better predictive performance than NWU-core on sICH after MT. A pure imaging model showed potential value to automatically screen patients with sICH risk by image recognition, which may optimize treatment strategy.

Keywords: acute ischemic stroke (AIS); brain edema; mechanical thrombectomy (MT); multimodal CT; net water uptake; symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH).