Association between metabolic body composition status and vitamin D deficiency: A cross-sectional study

Yi-Chuan Chen; Wen-Cheng Li; Pin-Hsuan Ke; I-Chun Chen; Wei Yu; Hsiung-Ying Huang; Xue-Jie Xiong; Jau-Yuan Chen

doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.940183

Association between metabolic body composition status and vitamin D deficiency: A cross-sectional study

Front Nutr. 2022 Jul 28:9:940183. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.940183. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Yi-Chuan Chen¹, Wen-Cheng Li^{1

2

3}, Pin-Hsuan Ke¹, I-Chun Chen¹, Wei Yu³, Hsiung-Ying Huang⁴, Xue-Jie Xiong⁵, Jau-Yuan Chen^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
² College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
³ Department of Health Management, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital Hua Qiao University, Xiamen, China.
⁴ Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital Hua Qiao University, Xiamen, China.
⁵ Department of Oncology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital Hua Qiao University, Xiamen, China.

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the risk of vitamin D deficiency in a relatively healthy Asian population, with (i) metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW) (homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] < 2. 5 without metabolic syndrome [MS], body mass index [BMI] < 25), (ii) metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) (HOMA-IR < 2.5, without MS, BMI ≥ 25), (iii) metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) (HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5, or with MS, BMI < 25), and (iv) metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) (HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5, or with MS, BMI ≥ 25) stratified by age and sex. This cross-sectional study involved 6,655 participants aged ≥ 18 years who underwent health checkups between 2013 and 2016 at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers including anthropometric variables, glycemic indices, lipid profiles, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels, were retrospectively investigated. Compared to the MHNW group, the MHO group showed a higher odds ratio (OR) [1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.73] for vitamin D deficiency in men aged < 50 years. By contrast, in men aged > 50 years, the risk of vitamin D deficiency was higher in the MUO group (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.05-1.97). Among women aged < and ≥ 50 years, the MUO group demonstrated the highest risk for vitamin D deficiency, OR 2.33 vs. 1.54, respectively. Our study revealed that in women of all ages and men aged > 50 years, MUO is associated with vitamin D deficiency and elevated levels of metabolic biomarkers. Among men aged < 50 years, MHO had the highest OR for vitamin D deficiency.

Keywords: cardiometabolic marker; inflammatory marker; metabolic body composition; obesity; vitamin D deficiency.