Assessment of water consumption during Ramadan intermittent fasting: Result from Indonesian cross-sectional study

Diana Sunardi; Dian Novita Chandra; Bernie Endyarni Medise; Dewi Friska; Nurul Ratna Mutu Manikam; Wiji Lestari; Putri Novia Choiri Insani; Amelya Augusthina Ayusari; Diana Mayasari; Fitria Saftarina; Dina Keumala Sari; Yuliana Noor Setiawati Ulvie

doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.922544

Assessment of water consumption during Ramadan intermittent fasting: Result from Indonesian cross-sectional study

Front Nutr. 2022 Jul 25:9:922544. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.922544. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Diana Sunardi^{1

2}, Dian Novita Chandra^{1

2}, Bernie Endyarni Medise^{2

3}, Dewi Friska^{2

4}, Nurul Ratna Mutu Manikam^{1

2}, Wiji Lestari^{1

2}, Putri Novia Choiri Insani², Amelya Augusthina Ayusari⁵, Diana Mayasari⁶, Fitria Saftarina⁶, Dina Keumala Sari⁷, Yuliana Noor Setiawati Ulvie⁸

Affiliations

¹ Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
² Indonesian Hydration Working Group, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
³ Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
⁴ Occupational Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
⁵ Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret - Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia.
⁶ Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia.
⁷ Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia.
⁸ Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia.

Abstract

During Ramadan fasting, people are likely to consume water and beverages lower than recommended intake due to the limited time. However, it is necessary to achieve the recommended daily water intake to maintain the hydration status, as well as productivity during fasting. Unfortunately, there is a lack of data on drinking patterns during Ramadan. This study aims to investigate water and beverage intake and drinking patterns to help achieve water requirements during Ramadan among Indonesian adults. This is a cross-sectional study conducted during the Ramadan period from April to May 2021 (Ramadan 1442 Hijri). We used a self-administered questionnaire on drinking habits during Ramadan and utilized a 7-day fluid record (Liq.In 7) to assess water and beverage intake among participants who were managed through online procedure. There were 380 participants from five universities across Indonesia who completed the questionnaire accordingly and then analyzed it. The result shows that total water and beverage intake during Ramadan among participants was below the recommendation [1,670 (1,326-2,034) ml/day]. Among the type of beverages, water is the highest level of consumption [1,262 (983-1,666) ml/day] then followed by sugar-sweetened beverages [200 (91-350) ml/day]. We found a significant difference in water and beverages consumption between time of iftar [474 (375-590) ml/day], nighttime [574 (414-810) ml/day], and suhoor [560 (423-711) ml/day]. From this study, we found that during Ramadan the most common drinking pattern is 2-4-2, but a drinking pattern of 4-2-2 glasses (sequence of four glasses at iftar, two glasses at nighttime, two glasses at suhoor) had a significantly higher chance to adhere with the recommendation of fluid intake compared to other patterns. Therefore, based on this research on water and beverage intake, it is necessary and important to make improvements among Indonesian adults during Ramadan, and the drinking pattern of 4-2-2 glasses may help to achieve the recommended daily water consumption.

Keywords: Ramadan fasting; drinking pattern; fluid intake; hydration; intermittent fasting.