Acute promyelocytic leukemia in a long-standing HIV-positive patient: Case report and literature review

Daniela P Mendes-de-Almeida; Teresa de Souza Fernandez; Viviane Lamim Lovatel; Moises Martins da Rocha; Bernadete Evangelho Gomes; Bárbara C R Monte-Mór; Danielle Tavares Vianna; Marília T G Alcoforado; João Marcello P B Kronemberg; João Pedro S C Cardoso; Vanessa da Gama Oliveira; Joanna Bokel; Alexandre G Vizzoni; Estevão Portela Nunes; Beatriz Grinsztejn

doi:10.1016/j.lrr.2022.100339

Acute promyelocytic leukemia in a long-standing HIV-positive patient: Case report and literature review

Leuk Res Rep. 2022 Jul 26:18:100339. doi: 10.1016/j.lrr.2022.100339. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Daniela P Mendes-de-Almeida^{1

2}, Teresa de Souza Fernandez³, Viviane Lamim Lovatel³, Moises Martins da Rocha³, Bernadete Evangelho Gomes⁴, Bárbara C R Monte-Mór⁵, Danielle Tavares Vianna^{5

6}, Marília T G Alcoforado⁷, João Marcello P B Kronemberg⁷, João Pedro S C Cardoso⁷, Vanessa da Gama Oliveira⁸, Joanna Bokel^{1

9}, Alexandre G Vizzoni¹, Estevão Portela Nunes¹⁰, Beatriz Grinsztejn¹⁰

Affiliations

¹ Hematology Department, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
² Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
³ Cytogenetic Department, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center (CEMO), National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
⁴ Immunology Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center (CEMO), National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
⁵ Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center (CEMO), National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
⁶ Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁷ Intensive Care Unit, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁸ Department of Pharmacy, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁹ Onco-Hematology Unit, Clínica São Vicente, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
¹⁰ Laboratory of Clinical Research on STD/AIDS, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Abstract

The use of antiretroviral therapy has drastically improved the life quality and prognosis of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) currently does not appear to be significantly increased compared to the general population. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), infrequent in people with HIV, is a distinct subtype of AML with unique molecular pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment. Herein we describe a fatal case of APL hypogranular variant in an HIV-positive patient presenting with hyperleukocytosis. Also, we conducted a literature review of the ten cases reported so far.

Keywords: AIDS; Acute myeloid leukemia; Acute promyelocytic leukemia; Antiretroviral therapy; HIV infection.