Channeled PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 Emission Factors Associated with the Ceramic Process and Abatement Technologies

Irina Celades; Vicenta Sanfelix; Ana López-Lilao; Salvador Gomar; Alberto Escrig; Eliseo Monfort; Xavier Querol

doi:10.3390/ijerph19159652

Channeled PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁ Emission Factors Associated with the Ceramic Process and Abatement Technologies

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 5;19(15):9652. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159652.

Authors

Irina Celades¹, Vicenta Sanfelix¹, Ana López-Lilao¹, Salvador Gomar¹, Alberto Escrig¹, Eliseo Monfort¹, Xavier Querol²

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC-AICE), University Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12006 Castellón, Spain.
² Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.

Abstract

A sampling methodology and a mathematical data treatment were developed that enable to determine not only total suspended particulates (TSP) emitted at channeled sources but also the PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁ mass fractions (w₁₀, w_2.5, and w₁) and emission factors (E.F.), using a seven-stage cascade impactor. Moreover, a chemical analysis was performed to identify the elements present in these emissions. The proposed methodology was applied to different stages of the ceramic process, including ambient temperature (milling, shaping, glazing) and medium-high-temperature (spray-drying, drying, firing, and frit melting) stages. In total, more than 100 measurements were performed (pilot scale and industrial scale), which leads to a measurement time of 1500 h. Related to the mass fractions, in general, the mean values of w₁₀ after the fabric filters operated at high performance are high and with little dispersion (75-85%), and it is also observed that they are practically independent of the stage considered, i.e., they are not significantly dependent on the initial PSD of the stream to be treated. In the case of the fine fraction w_2.5, the behavior is more complex (w_2.5: 30-60%), probably because the only variable is not the cleaning system, but also the nature of the processed material. Regarding abatement measures, the use of high-efficiency cleaning systems considerably reduces the emission factors obtained for fractions PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁. In reference to chemical analysis, the presence of ZrO₂ and Ni in the spray-drying and pressing stages, the significant concentration of ZrO₂ in the glazing stage, the presence of Pb, As, and Zn in the firing stage, and the presence of Zn, Pb, Cd, and As compounds in the frits manufacturing should all be highlighted. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that the use of some compounds, such as cadmium and lead, has been very limited in the last years and, therefore, presumably, the presence of these elements in the emissions should have been also reduced in the same way.

Keywords: PM10, PM2.5, and PM1; abatement technology; ceramic industry; channeled emission; emission factor; particulate matter.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Air Pollutants* / analysis
Ceramics
Dust / analysis
Environmental Monitoring / methods
Lead / analysis
Particle Size
Particulate Matter / analysis

Substances

Air Pollutants
Dust
Particulate Matter
Lead

Grants and funding

This study has been funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology in the framework of the National Plan for Scientific Research, Development and Technological Innovation, reference REN2003-08916-C02-01.