Gender Affirmation Surgery, Transmasculine

Abstract

Transmasculine genital gender affirmation surgery (GAS) is evolving rapidly due to social and surgical advances over recent decades. Important innovations include the use of free or pedicled sensate tissue flaps with integrated urethra coupled with an improved understanding of how best to offer inclusive care. Disappointingly, most publications have thus far failed to address standardization, classification systems, and prospective trials to help guide shared decision making. This narrative review highlights contemporary techniques, controversies, and innovations while addressing gaps in the literature and future directions for research.

Keywords: Functional outcomes; Gender incongruence; Genital gender affirmation surgery; Metoidioplasty; Phalloplasty; Shared decision making; Urethral lengthening.