Determination of Carcinogenic Primary Aromatic Amines Contained as Impurities in Synthetic Organic Colorants

Abstract

Background: Several primary aromatic amines (PAAs) have been designated carcinogenic or suspected of carcinogenicity. Several kinds of PAAs may occur either via the reduction of azo compounds or as impurities in azo colorants or other agents.

Objective: An analytical method was developed and applied to determine whether certain PAAs are present as impurities in synthetic organic colorants.

Method: Target chemicals were analyzed by the ultrasound extraction of the synthetic organic colorant with a hydrochloric acid solution containing 20% methanol, followed by conversion from an acidic to alkaline solution, and then extraction using a diatomaceous earth column.

Results: We analyzed certain PAAs in 38 synthetic organic colorants, resulting in the detection of 2,4-dimethylaniline in four samples at 1.2 to 19 μg/g, o-toluidine in three samples at 1.0 to 3.4 μg/g, p-phenylazoaniline in two samples at 74 to 305 μg/g, and, in one sample each, 2,4,5-trimethylaniline (13 μg/g), 5-nitro-o-toluidine (12 μg/g), and 2-methyl-4-(2-tolylazo)aniline (13 μg/g). Nearly all PAAs were determined to be starting materials for colorant synthesis, although p-phenylazoaniline in Yellow No. 407 was apparently a byproduct formed during synthesis. For Red No. 225, in which high concentrations of p-phenylazoaniline were detected, additional samples were purchased from five companies, and p-phenylazoaniline was detected at concentrations of 88 to 370 μg/g in all samples.

Conclusions: A method to analyze certain PAAs contained as impurities in synthetic organic colorants was developed, and the actual status of them in colorants was clarified.

Highlights: The analytical method developed in this study for the determination of certain PAAs contained as impurities in synthetic organic colorants may be used to improve the safety of colorants.