Purpose: Automatic segmentation of prostate magnetic resonance (MR) images is crucial for the diagnosis, evaluation, and prognosis of prostate diseases (including prostate cancer). In recent years, the mainstream segmentation method for the prostate has been converted to convolutional neural networks. However, owing to the complexity of the tissue structure in MR images and the limitations of existing methods in spatial context modeling, the segmentation performance should be improved further.
Methods: In this study, we proposed a novel 3D pyramid pool Unet that benefits from the pyramid pooling structure embedded in the skip connection (SC) and the deep supervision (DS) in the up-sampling of the 3D Unet. The parallel SC of the conventional 3D Unet network causes low-resolution information to be sent to the feature map repeatedly, resulting in blurred image features. To overcome the shortcomings of the conventional 3D Unet, we merge each decoder layer with the feature map of the same scale as the encoder and the smaller scale feature map of the pyramid pooling encoder. This SC combines the low-level details and high-level semantics at two different levels of feature maps. In addition, pyramid pooling performs multifaceted feature extraction on each image behind the convolutional layer, and DS learns hierarchical representations from comprehensive aggregated feature maps, which can improve the accuracy of the task.
Results: Experiments on 3D prostate MR images of 78 patients demonstrated that our results were highly correlated with expert manual segmentation. The average relative volume difference and Dice similarity coefficient of the prostate volume area were 2.32% and 91.03%, respectively.
Conclusion: Quantitative experiments demonstrate that, compared with other methods, the results of our method are highly consistent with the expert manual segmentation.
Keywords: 3D Unet; MRI; deep supervision; prostate segmentation; pyramid pool.
© 2022 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.