Background: This preclinical study emulating the clinical environment quantitatively analysed the accuracy of pedicle screw insertion using a navigated robotic system.
Methods: Pedicle screws were placed from T7 to L5 in the whole-body form of a cadaver. After the insertion of multiple artificial markers into each vertebra, errors between the planned insertion path and the inserted screw were quantified using the Gertzbein-Robbins system (GRS) and offset calculation.
Results: A total of 22 screws were placed. Almost all (95.45% [21/22]) were classified as GRS A or B, while one (4.55%) was GRS C. The mean and standard deviations of entry, tip, and angular offset were 1.78 ± 0.94 mm, 2.30 ± 1.01 mm, and 2.64 ± 1.05°, respectively.
Conclusions: This study demonstrated that pedicle screw insertion using a navigated robotic system had high accuracy and safety. A future clinical study is necessary to validate our findings.
Keywords: C-arm image; cadaveric study; navigated robotic system; pedicle screw placement; spine surgery.
© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.