Effect of Alkyl Side Chain Length on the Lithium-Ion Conductivity for Polyether Electrolytes

Ryansu Sai; Seiko Hirata; Hiromori Tsutsumi; Yu Katayama

doi:10.3389/fchem.2022.943224

Effect of Alkyl Side Chain Length on the Lithium-Ion Conductivity for Polyether Electrolytes

Front Chem. 2022 Jul 14:10:943224. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.943224. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Ryansu Sai¹, Seiko Hirata¹, Hiromori Tsutsumi¹, Yu Katayama^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan.
² Department of Energy and Environmental Materials, SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan.

Abstract

The design guidelines of polymer structure to effectively promote lithium-ion conduction within the polymer electrolytes (PEs) are crucial for its practical use. In this study, the electrolyte properties of a simple polyether having alkyl side chains with varied lengths (-(CH₂)_m-H, m = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12) were compared and established a valid design strategy based on the properties of the alkyl side chain. Various spectro-electrochemical measurements successfully connected the electrolyte properties and the alkyl side chain length. Steric hindrance of the alkyl side chain effectively suppressed the interaction between ether oxygen and lithium-ion (m ≥ 2), decreasing the glass transition temperature and the activation energy of lithium-ion transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface. The strong hydrophobic interactions aligned and/or aggregated the extended alkyl group (m ≥ 8), creating a rapid lithium-ion transport pathway and enhancing lithium-ion conductivity. A clear trend was observed for the following three crucial factors determining bulk lithium-ion transport properties along with the extension of the alkyl side chain: 1) salt dissociability decreased due to the non-polarity of the alkyl side chain, 2) segmental mobility of polymer chains increased due to the internal plasticizing effect, and 3) lithium-ion transference number increased due to the inhibition of the bulky anion transport by its steric hindrance. The highest lithium-ion conductivity was confirmed for the PEs with an alkyl side chain of moderate length (m = 4) at 70°C, indicating the optimized balance between salt dissociability, polymer segmental mobility, and selective lithium-ion transfer. The length of an alkyl side chain can thus be a critical factor in improving the performance of PEs, including thermal stability and lithium-ion conductivity. Precise tuning of the alkyl side chain-related parameters such as steric hindrance, polarity, internal plasticizing effect, and self-alignment optimizes the polymer segmental mobility and salt dissociability, which is crucial for realizing high lithium-ion conductivity for PEs.

Keywords: alkyl side chain; ether group; ion transport; lithium-ion battery (LIB); polymer electrolytes.