Comparison of the disinfection efficacy between ferrate(VI) and chlorine in secondary effluent

Abstract

Disinfection is essential for the microbial safety of reclaimed water. Traditional chlorine disinfection leads to secondary problems such as disinfection by-products and chlorine-resistant bacteria. Ferrate (Fe(VI)) is a novel green disinfectant. However, research on the disinfection characteristics of Fe(VI) remains insufficient. This study compared the disinfection efficacy between Fe(VI) and chlorine in secondary effluent, including the inactivation efficiency of coliforms and heterotrophic bacteria and the control effect on typical chlorine-resistant bacteria. The results showed that Fe(VI) was more effective than chlorine in inactivating Escherichia coli and total coliforms at low doses, whereas chlorine was more effective than Fe(VI) in inactivating heterotrophic bacteria. A severe trailing phenomenon was observed in Fe(VI) disinfection. Based on bacterial community structure analysis, Fe(VI) was also found to be capable of controlling the relative abundance of some chlorine-resistant bacteria such as Sphingomonas, Bacillus, Mycobacterium and Legionella except for Pseudomonas. The results of this study could have implications in evaluating Fe(VI) disinfection ability and optimizing Fe(VI) dosing for disinfection.

Keywords: Chlorine; Chlorine-resistant bacteria; Disinfection; Ferrate(VI); Secondary effluent.