The effect of substance P and its common in vivo-formed metabolites on MRGPRX2 and human mast cell activation

Abstract

The tachykinin neuropeptide substance P (SP) is the canonical agonist peptide for the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK₁ R). More recently, it has also been shown to activate the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) receptor on mast cells (MCs), triggering degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators. SP undergoes rapid C-terminal truncation in vivo by a number of proteases to generate the metabolites SP(1-9)-COOH and in particular SP(1-7)-COOH. While the C terminus of SP is critical for NK₁ R activation, studies have shown that the peptide polycationic N terminus is key for MRGPRX2 and mast cell activation. The study thus aimed to determine if the C-terminally truncated metabolites of SP, SP(1-9)-COOH, and SP(1-7)-COOH retained stimulatory activity at MRGPRX2. SP, SP(1-9)-COOH, and SP(1-7)-COOH were synthesized and tested on HEK293 cells expressing NK₁ R or MRGPRX2, and LAD2 human mast cells, to determine the activity of SP and its metabolites in Ca²⁺ mobilization, degranulation, and cytokine assays. As expected from prior studies, both C-terminally truncated SP metabolites had essentially no activity at NK₁ R, even at very high concentrations. In contrast, the in vivo metabolite of SP, SP(1-9)-COOH retained ability to activate MRGPRX2 across all parameters tested, albeit with reduced potency compared to intact SP. SP(1-7)-COOH did not produce any significant MRGRPX2 activation. Our results suggest that the SP metabolite, SP(1-9)-COOH, may play a regulatory role through the activation of MRGPRX2. However, given the relatively low potency of both SP and SP(1-9)-COOH at MRGPRX2, additional work is needed to better understand the biological importance of this expanded SP/MRGPRX2 pathway.

Keywords: MRGPRX2; NK1R; mast cells; neuroinflammation; substance P.