Background: Graduate medical education is centered in hospitals despite a care system where patients mostly receive their care in an outpatient setting. Such gaps may exist because of inadequate funding for residency positions in community and hospital-based clinics.
Objective: Determine if physician residents' contribution to outpatient workload offsets their costs for supervision, salary, and fringe benefits as residents acquire skills to become independent practitioners.
Research design: VA's electronic patient records from 2005 through 2018 were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models to estimate resident and staff contributions to workload in relative value units.
Measures: Resident participation rate is resident contributed workload net of supervision as a percent of total clinic workload. Productivity is per diem resident workload as a percent of per diem staff workload. Efficiency is per dollar resident workload as a percent of per dollar staff workload. Progressive independence is annual rate of change in resident productivity.
Results: Average participation rates varied by specialty from 6% to 22%, with 11% (primary care) and 13% (psychiatry). Productivity rates ranged from 21% to 94%, with 57% (primary care) and 61% (psychiatry). Efficiency rates varied from 0.63 to 3.81, with 1.69 (primary care), 1.89 (psychiatry). Progressive independence rates varied from 2.7%/year (psychiatry) to 39.7%/year (specialty care).
Conclusions: Although residents rotating through most VA clinics generate revenue to cover their direct costs as they learn, some federal subsidies may be necessary to encourage hospital- and community-based clinics to accept residents from the less profitable primary care and mental health specialties.