Surface Roughness and Biocompatibility of Polycaprolactone Bone Scaffolds: An Energy-Density-Guided Parameter Optimization for Selective Laser Sintering

Jian Han; Zehua Li; Yuxuan Sun; Fajun Cheng; Lei Zhu; Yaoyao Zhang; Zirui Zhang; Jinzhe Wu; Junfeng Wang

doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.888267

Surface Roughness and Biocompatibility of Polycaprolactone Bone Scaffolds: An Energy-Density-Guided Parameter Optimization for Selective Laser Sintering

Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022 Jul 11:10:888267. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.888267. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Jian Han^{1

2}, Zehua Li^{1

2}, Yuxuan Sun², Fajun Cheng^{1

3}, Lei Zhu¹, Yaoyao Zhang^{1

2}, Zirui Zhang⁴, Jinzhe Wu⁵, Junfeng Wang^{1

2

3

6}

Affiliations

¹ High Magnetic Field Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.
² University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
³ School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
⁴ School of Electronic Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, China.
⁵ School of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China.
⁶ Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China.

Abstract

Three-dimensional porous polycaprolactone (PCL) bone scaffolds prepared by selective laser sintering (SLS) have demonstrated great potential in the repair of non-load-bearing bone defects. The microgeometry and surface roughness of PCL scaffolds during the SLS process may change the biocompatibility and bioactivity of the scaffolds. However, in addition to the widely concerned mechanical properties and structural accuracy of scaffolds, there is still a lack of systematic research on how SLS process parameters affect the surface roughness of PCL scaffolds and the relationship between roughness and biocompatibility of scaffolds. In this study, we use the energy density model (EDM) combined with the thermodynamic properties of PCL powder to calculate the energy density range (Ed₁-Ed₃) suitable for PCL sintering. Five PCL scaffolds with different laser powers and scanning speeds were prepared; their dimensional accuracy, mechanical strength, and surface properties were comprehensively evaluated, and the bioactivities were compared through the attachment and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells on the scaffolds. It was found that the high energy density (Ed₃) reduced the shape fidelity related to pore size and porosity, and the dense and smooth surface of the scaffolds showed poor cytocompatibility, while the low energy density (Ed₁) resulted in weak mechanical properties, but the rough surface caused by incomplete sintered PCL particles facilitated the cell adhesion and proliferation. Therefore, the surface roughness and related biocompatibility of PCL bone scaffolds should be considered in energy-density-guided SLS parameter optimization.

Keywords: biocompatibility; energy density model; polycaprolactone; selective laser sintering; surface roughness.