1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. a.delosangeles@alumni.stanford.edu.
2 Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
3 Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
4 The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
5 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
6 College of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
7 Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
8 State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
9 Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
10 Biomedical Ethics Research Group, Mudoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
11 Epigenetics and Cell Fates Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.
12 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
13 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
14 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
15 Laboratory of Cell Fate Control, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
16 The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
17 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
18 Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
19 Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
20 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
21 Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
22 Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China.
The study of human–animal chimeras is fraught with technical and ethical challenges. In this Comment, we discuss the importance and future of human–monkey chimera research within the context of current scientific and regulatory obstacles.