COVID-19 Inpatient Deaths and Brought-in-Dead Cases in Malaysia

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths can occur in hospitals or otherwise. In Malaysia, COVID-19 deaths occurring outside of the hospital and subsequently brought to the hospital are known as brought-in-dead (BID) cases. To date, the characteristics of BID COVID-19 cases in Malaysia are not clear. The objectives of this study are 2-fold: to explore the characteristics of 29,155 mortality cases in Malaysia and determine the factors associated with the high probability of BID, using the multilevel logistic regression model. Data on COVID-19 mortality cases from the entire country between March 17, 2020 and November 3, 2021 were retrieved from a national open data source. Of the 29,155 COVID-19 mortality cases, 5,903 (20.2%) were BID. A higher probability of BID (p < 0.05) was seen among individuals aged between 18 and 59 years, non-Malaysians, had no comorbidities, did not receive COVID-19 vaccination, and the interval between the date of death and diagnosis. A high prevalence of BID is an alarming public health issue, as this may signal health system failure at one or several levels and, hence, need urgent attention from relevant stakeholders. Based on the findings of this study, increasing the intensity of the vaccination campaign, addressing any issues faced by noncitizens about to COVID-19 management in- and out-of-hospital, increasing the awareness of signs and symptoms of worsening COVID-19 and, hence, the significance of self-monitoring, and determining the potential gaps in the health system may contribute to their increased risk of deaths.

Keywords: COVID-19; Malaysia; brought-in-death; inpatient death; mortality case.