Here we review the knowledge on the local biological immunological response (formation of "pseudo periosteum" of the host) to two types of nonresorbable membranes used in the horizontal and vertical alveolar ridge augmentation: the titanium-reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene membrane and the titanium mesh membrane. A literature search was conducted including available in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on cellular and molecular immunological response to these two types of nonresorbable membranes, in particular the formation of "pseudo periosteum".
Keywords: barrier membrane biocompatibility biomaterials bone augmentation bone formation foreign body reaction GBR histology immunological response inflammation polytetrafluoroethylene pseudoperiosteum PTFE titanium mesh.
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