PHF6 functions as a tumor suppressor by recruiting methyltransferase SUV39H1 to nucleolar region and offers a novel therapeutic target for PHF6-muntant leukemia

Abstract

Mutations in the plant homeodomain-like finger protein 6 (PHF6) gene are strongly associated with acute myeloid (AML) and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). In this study, we demonstrated that PHF6 can bind to H3K9me3 and H3K27me1 on the nucleolar chromatin and recruit histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 to the rDNA locus. The deletion of PHF6 caused a decrease in the recruitment of SUV39H1 to rDNA gene loci, resulting in a reduction in the level of H3K9me3 and the promotion of rDNA transcription. The knockdown of either SUV39H1 or PHF6 significantly attenuated the effects of increase in H3K9me3 and suppressed the transcription of rDNA induced by the overexpression of the other interacting partner, thereby establishing an interdependent relationship between PHF6 and SUV39H1 in their control of rRNA transcription. The PHF6 clinical mutants significantly impaired the ability to bind and recruit SUV39H1 to the rDNA loci, resulting in an increase in rDNA transcription activity, the proliferation of in vitro leukemia cells, and the growth of in vivo mouse xenografts. Importantly, significantly elevated levels of pre-rRNA were observed in clinical AML patients who possessed a mutated version of PHF6. The specific rDNA transcription inhibitor CX5461 significantly reduced the resistance of U937 AML cells deficient in PHF6 to cytarabine, the drug that is most commonly used to treat AML. Collectively, we revealed a novel molecular mechanism by which PHF6 recruits methyltransferase SUV39H1 to the nucleolar region in leukemia and provided a potential therapeutic target for PHF6-mutant leukemia.

Keywords: AML; AML, acute myeloid; BFLS, Borjeson–Forssman–Lehmann syndrome; CML, chronic myeloid leukemia; CX5461; ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation; Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation; DFC, dense fibrillar component; Epigenetic; FC, fibrillar centers; FUrd, 5-fluorouridine; H3K27me1, histone H3 (mono-methyl K27); H3K27me2, histone H3 (di-methyl K27); H3K27me3, histone H3 (tri-methyl K27); H3K9me1, histone H3 (mono-methyl K9); H3K9me2, histone H3 (di-methyl K9); H3K9me3, histone H3 (tri-methyl K9); Leukemia; MPAL, mixed-phenotype acute leukemia; Methyltransferase; NLS, nuclear localization sequences; NoRC, nucleolar chromatin remodeling complex; NuRD, nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase; PHF6; PHF6, plant homeodomain-like finger protein 6; RNA Pol I, RNA polymerase I; Re-ChIP, double chromatin immunoprecipitation; SUV39H1; SUV39H1, suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 1; T-ALL, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia; UBF1, upstream binding factor 1; pre-rRNA, pre-ribosme RNA; rDNA transcription; rDNA, ribosomal DNA; rRNA, ribosome RNA.