Genetic Diversity of Juglans mandshurica Populations in Northeast China Based on SSR Markers

Qinhui Zhang; Xinxin Zhang; Yuchun Yang; Lianfeng Xu; Jian Feng; Jingyuan Wang; Yongsheng Tang; Xiaona Pei; Xiyang Zhao

doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.931578

Genetic Diversity of Juglans mandshurica Populations in Northeast China Based on SSR Markers

Front Plant Sci. 2022 Jun 30:13:931578. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.931578. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Qinhui Zhang^{1

2}, Xinxin Zhang^{1

2}, Yuchun Yang³, Lianfeng Xu⁴, Jian Feng⁵, Jingyuan Wang⁶, Yongsheng Tang⁶, Xiaona Pei², Xiyang Zhao²

Affiliations

¹ State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
² College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
³ Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Changchun, China.
⁴ Qiqihar Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Qiqihar, China.
⁵ Liaoning Academy of Forest Science, Shenyang, China.
⁶ Linjiang Forestry Bureau of Jilin Province, Lijiang, China.

Abstract

Juglans mandshurica is a native tree species in Northeast China. Due to habitat destruction and human disturbance, its population size has sharply decreased. Currently, information on molecular markers of J. mandshurica is limited and cannot meet the needs of germplasm resource evaluation and molecular marker-assisted breeding of J. mandshurica. Based on transcriptomic data from three tissues (leaves, bark, and fruit pericarp), we developed expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) for J. mandshurica, and 15 polymorphic EST-SSR primers were initially selected. The average number of alleles (Na), expected heterozygosity (He), and the polymorphic information content (PIC) at different loci were 18.27, 0.670, and 0.797, respectively. Population genetic diversity analysis revealed that the average Na, He, and Shannon information indices (I) for 15 J. mandshurica populations were 6.993, 0.670, and 1.455, respectively. Among them, population Hunchun exhibited the highest genetic diversity (Na = 7.933, He = 0.723, and I = 1.617), while population Heihe exhibited the lowest genetic diversity (Na = 4.200, He = 0.605, and I = 1.158). STRUCTURE analysis, neighbor-joining method cluster analysis, and principal coordinate analysis showed that the 343 individuals of J. mandshurica from 15 populations were clustered into three categories. Category 1 (green) had 147 individuals from eight populations in Qingyuan, Caohekou, Jian, Ningan, Yongji, Baishishan, Helong, and Maoershan; category 2 (blue) had 81 individuals from three populations in Hulin, Boli, and Sanchazi; and category 3 (red) had 115 individuals from four populations in Heihe, Hunchun, Fangzheng, and Liangshui. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that genetic variations among and within individuals accounted for 16.22% and 21.10% of the total genetic variation, respectively, indicating that genetic variations within populations were greater than genetic variations among populations. The average genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) and gene flow (Nm) between different populations were 0.109 and 4.063, respectively, implying moderate levels of genetic differentiation and gene flow. Based on the genetic diversity characteristics of different populations, we proposed various genetic conservation strategies for J. mandshurica.

Keywords: EST-SSR; Juglans mandshurica; conservation strategies; genetic differentiation; genetic diversity; genetic structure.