Transportation, Environmental Degradation, and Health Dynamics in the United States and China: Evidence From Bootstrap ARDL With a Fourier Function

Meng-Chen Lin; Cheng-Feng Wu

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.907390

Transportation, Environmental Degradation, and Health Dynamics in the United States and China: Evidence From Bootstrap ARDL With a Fourier Function

Front Public Health. 2022 Jun 29:10:907390. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.907390. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Meng-Chen Lin¹, Cheng-Feng Wu^{1

2

3}

Affiliations

¹ School of Business Administration, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, China.
² School of Business, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
³ Research Center of Hubei Logistics Development, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, China.

Abstract

Transportation and environmental degradation, with indirect and direct effects, play a significant role in determining the health of a nation's citizens. This study uses bootstrap ARDL with a Fourier function to examine transportation, environmental degradation, and health dynamics in the United States and China. In the long run, the results support the cointegration relationship between transportation, environmental degradation, and health in both countries. The results show the contingency of the causality where a negative impact of transportation on environmental degradation exists in the United States while a positive impact exists in China. The effect of environmental degradation on health is negative in the United States while a positive effect exists in China. Regarding the causal direction between the variables of interest, the implications provide policymakers in developing strategy and policy for sustainable development.

Keywords: Fourier function approximation; bootstrap ARDL approach; environmental Kuznets curve (EKC); environmental degradation; health; transportation.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Carbon Dioxide*
China
Economic Development*
United States

Substances

Carbon Dioxide