Psychological Distress Among Infertility Patients: A Network Analysis

Danfeng Cao; Caifeng Bai; Guoxiang Zhang

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.906226

Psychological Distress Among Infertility Patients: A Network Analysis

Front Psychol. 2022 Jun 28:13:906226. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.906226. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Danfeng Cao¹, Caifeng Bai², Guoxiang Zhang¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.
² School of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.

Abstract

Background: Psychological distress is common among infertility patients. Total scale scores are often used to represent the severity of anxiety, depression, or stress, which ignores important differences between specific symptoms, and relationships between symptoms. This study aimed to identify patterns of psychological distress experienced by infertility patients and to identify the most central symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress.

Method: From June to September 2016, 740 infertility patients were included in this cross-sectional study. Infertility patients were asked to complete the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Patients Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Fertility Problem Inventory. Network analysis was used to examine the patterns of psychological distress in infertility patients and to test the most central symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress.

Results: Restlessness was the most central symptom in infertility patients. "Feelings of guilt" had the highest strength among PHQ-9 symptoms. "Relationship concern stress" and "sexual concern stress" had the strongest connections in the network. Stability estimation indicated that the order of node strength centrality was more stable than the order of closeness and betweenness (the CS-coefficients were 0.75, 0.13, and 0.67, respectively). In addition, network structure and global strength were invariant across gender.

Limitations: The cross-sectional design did not permit identification of causal relationships. Patients in this study were recruited from one reproductive hospital; especially, most patients had low socioeconomic status, which limits generalizability of the findings.

Conclusion: This study reinforces the need to better understand the underlying causes of psychological distress in infertile patients. A more detailed investigation of the relationship between these symptoms could provide information for psychosocial interventions aimed beyond "alleviating psychological distress." We should consider the individual psychological symptom pattern and its potential causes in infertility patients instead of assuming a consistent psychological distress structure.

Keywords: anxiety; depression; infertility; network analysis; psychological distress.