Prevalence and risk factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis among primary school pupils in Nigeria

A M Onyekwere; O Rey; M C Nwanchor; M Alo; E K Angora; J F Allienne; J Boissier

doi:10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00255

Prevalence and risk factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis among primary school pupils in Nigeria

Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2022 Jul 2:18:e00255. doi: 10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00255. eCollection 2022 Aug.

Authors

A M Onyekwere^{1

2}, O Rey², M C Nwanchor³, M Alo⁴, E K Angora⁵, J F Allienne², J Boissier²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebony State, Nigeria.
² IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.
³ Department of Zoology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
⁴ Department of Microbiology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebony State, Nigeria.
⁵ Unité de formation et de Recherche Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Universite Felix, Houphouet-Boigny, BPV 34, Abijan, Cote d'Ivoire.

Abstract

Urogenital schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that is endemic to Nigeria and one which continues to pose a public health problem especially among school-age children in rural communities. This study was carried out in remote areas where most people depend on natural water bodies and rainwater for their daily water needs. The present research investigates the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis and the significant risk factors associated with the infection among primary school children in Nigeria. From August 2019 to December 2019, a total of 5514 primary school-age children from twelve sites were diagnosed with the presence of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in their urine. Socio-demographic, sociocultural, and socioeconomic indices and data on behaviors (e.g contact frequency with freshwater bodies) were also collected for each diagnosed individual through the use of a questionnaire. Associations between each of these variables and disease infection were tested using a multivariate logistic regression. A total of 392 of the 5514-urine samples were positive for the infection, the overall prevalence reached 7.1% and ranged from 4.6% (East Nigeria) to 15,9% (West Nigeria). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the significant risk factors associated with S. haematobium infection are frequent contact with freshwater bodies (rivers/steams), with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 4.92; 3.34-7.24, washing/swimming, AOR: 46.49; 27.64-78.19, and fishing, AOR: 11.57; 8.74-15.32. For socioeconomic factors, primary education of fathers which resulted in an AOR of 1.63; 1.01-2.45 was significantly associated with the infection. The socio-demographic factor for the 12-14 year age group had an AOR of 1.68; 1.21-2.33, and was also significantly associated with the disease. Nigeria remains endemic for urogenital schistosomiasis as indicated by the data obtained from all the studied sites, and it is clear that efforts need to be intensified in order to control and eradicate the disease throughout the country.

Keywords: Nigeria; Prevalence; Risk factors; School-aged children; Urogenital schistosomiasis.