People are increasingly paying much attention to battery technology, especially the zinc-nickel battery and the lithium battery, for solving energy shortages and environmental contamination. Meanwhile, the drastic change in the external outside environment has brought a huge challenge to manage the battery industry chain. Therefore, in the uncertain external environment, the study of supply chain competition between lithium battery and new nickel battery manufacturers is the focus of this paper. We build a cooperative game model under the demand disturbance and a non-cooperative game under the background of product promotion. The results show that (i) the price set by the manufacturer increases with technical improvement when consumers are more sensitive to the technical level. (ii) The optimal price of all manufacturers will drop as the CETRC (carbon emission technology renewal coefficient) increases. (iii) The price of zinc-nickel batteries will be higher than that of lithium battery as the market promotion rate is in the middle range. In the model, the supply chain determines different optimal prices according to the different ranges of the demand disturbance.
Keywords: Bifurcation chaos; Carbon trading; Complexity; Cooperative promotion; Demand disturbance; Zinc-nickel battery.
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.