Syringaresinol derived from Panax ginseng berry attenuates oxidative stress-induced skin aging via autophagy

Wooram Choi; Hyun Soo Kim; Sang Hee Park; Donghyun Kim; Yong Deog Hong; Ji Hye Kim; Jae Youl Cho

doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2021.08.003

Syringaresinol derived from Panax ginseng berry attenuates oxidative stress-induced skin aging via autophagy

J Ginseng Res. 2022 Jul;46(4):536-542. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.08.003. Epub 2021 Aug 21.

Authors

Wooram Choi¹, Hyun Soo Kim², Sang Hee Park³, Donghyun Kim², Yong Deog Hong², Ji Hye Kim¹, Jae Youl Cho^{1

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Integrative Biotechnology, And Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
² Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
³ Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.

Abstract

Background: In aged skin, reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to visible aging signs. Collagens in the ECM are cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Syringaresinol (SYR), isolated from Panax ginseng berry, has various physiological activities, including anti-inflammatory action. However, the anti-aging effects of SYR via antioxidant and autophagy regulation have not been elucidated.

Methods: The preventive effect of SYR on skin aging was investigated in human HaCaT keratinocytes in the presence of H₂O₂, and the keratinocyte cells were treated with SYR (0-200 μg/mL). mRNA and protein levels of MMP-2 and -9 were determined by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Radical scavenging activity was researched by 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. LC3B level was assessed by Western blotting and confocal microscopy.

Results: SYR significantly reduced gene expression and protein levels of MMP-9 and -2 in both H₂O₂-treated and untreated HaCaT cells. SYR did not show cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells. SYR exhibited DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities with an EC₅₀ value of 10.77 and 10.35 μg/mL, respectively. SYR elevated total levels of endogenous and exogenous LC3B in H₂O₂-stimulated HaCaT cells. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, counteracted the inhibitory effect of SYR on MMP-2 expression.

Conclusion: SYR showed antioxidant activity and up-regulated autophagy activity in H₂O₂-stimulated HaCaT cells, lowering the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 associated with skin aging. Our results suggest that SYR has potential value as a cosmetic additive for prevention of skin aging.

Keywords: 3-MA, 3-Methyladenine; ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; Anti-aging; Antioxidant; Autophagy; CMA, chaperone-mediated autophagy; DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; DPPH, 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ECM, extracellular matrix; FBS, fetal bovine serum; FoxO3a, Forkhead box O3; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; Panax ginseng berry; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SYR, Syringaresinol; Syringaresinol; UV, ultraviolet.