Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2022 Aug;38(2):249-268. doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.05.003. Epub 2022 Jul 7.

Abstract

Advances in the understanding of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) are reviewed. It is now apparent that EPM can be caused by either of 2 related protozoan parasites, Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi, although S neurona is the most common etiologic pathogen. Horses are commonly infected, but clinical disease occurs only infrequently; the factors influencing disease occurrence are not well understood. Epidemiologic studies have identified risk factors for the development of EPM, including the presence of opossums and prior stressful health-related events. Attempts to reproduce EPM experimentally have reliably induced antibody responses in challenged horses, but have not consistently produced neurologic disease. Diagnosis of EPM has improved by detecting intrathecal antibody production against the parasite. Sulfadiazine/pyrimethamine (ReBalance) and the triazine compounds diclazuril (Protazil) and ponazuril (Marquis) are effective anticoccidial drugs that are now available as FDA-approved treatments for EPM.

Keywords: Central nervous system; EPM; Neospora, opossum; Protozoa; Sarcocystis.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Coccidiosis* / drug therapy
  • Coccidiosis* / epidemiology
  • Coccidiosis* / veterinary
  • Encephalomyelitis* / drug therapy
  • Encephalomyelitis* / veterinary
  • Horse Diseases* / drug therapy
  • Horse Diseases* / parasitology
  • Horses
  • Sarcocystis*
  • Sarcocystosis* / drug therapy
  • Sarcocystosis* / veterinary