Management, entrepreneurship, continuing professional development, and leadership education in United States doctor of pharmacy curricula: A scoping review

Trate DeVolld; Natalie DiPietro Mager; Kevin Ernst; Kyle Parker; Mary Komandt; Avery Meadows; Benjamin D Aronson

doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2022.06.012

Management, entrepreneurship, continuing professional development, and leadership education in United States doctor of pharmacy curricula: A scoping review

Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2022 Jun;14(6):798-808. doi: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.06.012. Epub 2022 Jun 25.

Authors

Trate DeVolld¹, Natalie DiPietro Mager², Kevin Ernst³, Kyle Parker⁴, Mary Komandt⁵, Avery Meadows⁶, Benjamin D Aronson⁷

Affiliations

¹ Ohio Northern University Raabe College of Pharmacy, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, United States. Electronic address: t-devolld@onu.edu.
² Pharmacy Practice, Ohio Northern University Raabe College of Pharmacy, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, United States. Electronic address: n-dipietro@onu.edu.
³ Business Management and Entrepreneurship, Ohio Northern University Dicke College of Business, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, United States. Electronic address: k-ernst@onu.edu.
⁴ Pharmacy Practice, Ohio Northern University Raabe College of Pharmacy, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, United States. Electronic address: k-parker.4@onu.edu.
⁵ PGY2 Community Pharmacy Administration and Leadership/MBA Resident, Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, 5901 Holabird Ave, Unit A, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States. Electronic address: mkomand1@jh.edu.
⁶ Staff Pharmacist, CVS Pharmacy, 535 Delaware Ave., Marion, OH 43302, United States. Electronic address: a-meadows.1@onu.edu.
⁷ Pharmacy Practice, Ohio Northern University Raabe College of Pharmacy, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH 45810, United States. Electronic address: b-aronson.1@onu.edu.

PMID: 35809912
DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.06.012

Abstract

Background: As doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) curricula must fulfill accreditation standards emphasizing managerial skills, entrepreneurship, continuing professional development (CPD), and leadership, there is interest among faculty to incorporate high-quality, evidence-based educational strategies. To date there has not been a comprehensive review of these four topics in one paper; therefore, we aimed to describe the landscape of the published literature and areas for future research.

Methods: A keyword search of Academic Search Complete/Premier and OvidMedline databases identified articles published between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2020. Inclusion criteria included primary, peer-reviewed literature describing the implementation and evaluation of teaching methodologies on aspects of management, entrepreneurship, CPD, or leadership in United States PharmD programs. Titles and abstracts were screened for inclusion. Key information regarding instructional design and assessment were retrieved to develop narrative summaries of activities and outcomes and to chart the student year of study, sample size, mode of delivery (didactic/experiential/co-curricular), type of experience (required/optional), and learning activity.

Results: Thirty-five articles met inclusion criteria and were categorized: management (n = 12), entrepreneurship (n = 2), CPD (n = 7), and leadership (n = 14). The articles provided example activities that faculty across the country can consider implementing. Identified gaps included a focus on episodic and/or optional experiences and a relative lack of objective and longitudinal assessment practices.

Implications: This review describes educational methodologies for management, entrepreneurship, CPD, and leadership that can be replicated or adapted. Additional reports of innovative educational practices assessed through valid and reliable methods are needed.

Keywords: Continuing professional development; Entrepreneurship; Leadership; Management; Pharmacy education; Student pharmacist.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Curriculum
Entrepreneurship
Faculty
Humans
Leadership*
Pharmacy*
United States