Large-scale rollout of extension training in Bangladesh: Challenges and opportunities for gender-inclusive participation

PLoS One. 2022 Jul 8;17(7):e0270662. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270662. eCollection 2022.

Abstract

Despite the recognized importance of women's participation in agricultural extension services, research continues to show inequalities in women's participation. Emerging capacities for conducting large-scale extension training using information and communication technologies (ICTs) now afford opportunities for generating the rich datasets needed to analyze situational factors that affect women's participation. Data was recorded from 1,070 video-based agricultural extension training events (131,073 farmers) in four Administrative Divisions of Bangladesh (Rangpur, Dhaka, Khulna, and Rajshahi). The study analyzed the effect of gender of the trainer, time of the day, day of the week, month of the year, Bangladesh Administrative Division, and venue type on (1) the expected number of extension event attendees and (2) the odds of females attending the event conditioned on the total number of attendees. The study revealed strong gender specific training preferences. Several factors that increased total participation, decreased female attendance (e.g., male-led training event held after 3:30 pm in Rangpur). These findings highlight the dilemma faced by extension trainers seeking to maximize attendance at training events while avoiding exacerbating gender inequalities. The study concludes with a discussion of ways to mitigate gender exclusion in extension training by extending data collection processes, incorporating machine learning to understand gender preferences, and applying optimization theory to increase total participation while concurrently improving gender inclusivity.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Agriculture* / education
  • Bangladesh
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Power, Psychological*
  • Rural Population
  • Women / psychology

Grants and funding

This publication was made possible in part by internal funds from Michigan State University and Purdue University [JBB & BRP]. The fall armyworm animation and scaled extension activities were supported by funds provided to CIMMYT by the Borlaug Higher Education for Agricultural Research and Development Program (BHEARD; USAID award # AID-BFS-G-11-00002) at Michigan State University [JWM] and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation support for the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA; USAID award #BFS-IO-17-00005 and BMGF isINV-009787)[TJK]. USAID: https://www.usaid.gov BMGF: https://www.gatesfoundation.org Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of USAID, BHEARD, CSISA, or the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. No sponsors or funders played any role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.